摘 要

本設(shè)計(jì)是為了設(shè)計(jì)一種能對(duì)滾動(dòng)軸承進(jìn)行故障診斷的簡(jiǎn)易系統(tǒng)。滾動(dòng)軸承是機(jī)械設(shè)備中最常用也是最容易損壞的零件之一。旋轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)械中發(fā)生的故障有70%是由滾動(dòng)軸承的故障而引發(fā)。滾動(dòng)軸承有很多損壞形式，總地來(lái)說(shuō)分為對(duì)承內(nèi)圈、外圈、滾動(dòng)體以及保持架的損壞。這些損傷必然會(huì)引起軸承在運(yùn)動(dòng)過(guò)程中產(chǎn)生沖擊，但由于沖擊持續(xù)時(shí)間短，能量發(fā)散的頻域范圍廣，落在振動(dòng)頻率范圍內(nèi)的能量分量很小。因此，需要通過(guò)某種方法對(duì)這些復(fù)雜的信號(hào)加以處理，才能提取我們所需要的故障信號(hào)。通過(guò)對(duì)故障信號(hào)的頻域分析，就很容易獲得故障沖擊波的波形，將故障信號(hào)頻率與我們事先設(shè)定的故障特征頻率進(jìn)行比較，從而確定軸承故障的發(fā)生部位。該系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)中利用共振解調(diào)原理對(duì)沖擊故障進(jìn)行診斷檢測(cè)。本文著重講解了對(duì)滾動(dòng)軸承振動(dòng)信號(hào)的分析問題，講述了適用于平穩(wěn)信號(hào)及線性變換方法的傅立葉變換的頻譜分析，并重點(diǎn)講述包絡(luò)分析的原理。最后利用軟件LabVIEW開發(fā)平臺(tái)設(shè)計(jì)出一套基于PC-DAQ的虛擬儀器測(cè)試系統(tǒng)。


關(guān)鍵詞：滾動(dòng)軸承，故障診斷，信號(hào)處理，虛擬儀器


ABSTRACT

This project is in order to design a system which can implement state monitor and fault diagnosis. Rolling bearing is the most useful and both the most vulnerable part in mechanical equipment. The 70% of rotating machinery failure is because of bearing fault. There are a number of mechanisms that can lead to bearing failure, including the inner ring, the outer ring, the rolling elements, and the cage. These failure would induce impact when bearing works. But because of the short duration of impact, the frequency spectrum of energy is broad in scope and the energy signal in the scope of vibration frequency is faint. Therefore, in order to distill the fault signal we needed, the original signal we get should be disposed by some measure. It is easy to get the impact wave through the frequency spectrum analysis to fault signal. Compare the wave to the academic frequency of fault signal calculated in advance, it would be clear that which component is in failure. Demodulation Resonance Principle is used to diagnose the fault signal in this project. The analysis to vibration signal of rolling bearing is presented in this paper, including the Fourier Transform, an applicable technique to smooth signal and linear transformation, besides, the envelope analysis is emphasized. Finally, a virtual instrument system based on PC-DAQ and Labview platform is presented.


Key words： Rolling bearing, fault diagnosis, signal processing, virtual instrument


目 錄

中文摘要 Ⅰ
ABSTRACT Ⅱ
1 緒論 1
1.1 課題的提出及意義 1
1.2 課題的研究背景 1
1.3 故障診斷系統(tǒng)技術(shù)的發(fā)展趨勢(shì) 2
1.4 主要設(shè)計(jì)內(nèi)容 3
1.4.1 主要設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程 3
1.4.2 本論文主要內(nèi)容 3
2 滾動(dòng)軸承的結(jié)構(gòu)及故障機(jī)理 4
2.1 滾動(dòng)軸承的結(jié)構(gòu) 4
2.2 滾動(dòng)軸承的失效形式 4
2.3 軸承故障的振動(dòng)檢測(cè)方法 5
2.3.1 滾動(dòng)軸承的故障機(jī)理 5
2.3.2 滾動(dòng)軸承異常時(shí)的特征頻率 6
3 滾動(dòng)軸承振動(dòng)信號(hào)分析 8
3.1 概述 8
3.2傅立葉變換及其應(yīng)用 8
3.2.1傅立葉變換 8
3.2.2傅立葉變換的應(yīng)用 9
3.3 包絡(luò)分析 10
3.3.1 包絡(luò)分析基本原理 10
3.3.2 包絡(luò)解調(diào)技術(shù) 11
3.3.3 包絡(luò)分析的實(shí)現(xiàn)方法 14
3.3.4 包絡(luò)分析的發(fā)展及現(xiàn)狀 15
4 檢測(cè)儀總體設(shè)計(jì) 16
4.1 設(shè)計(jì)綜述 16
4.2 硬件設(shè)計(jì) 16
4.2.1 硬件總體構(gòu)成 16
4.2.2 直流電動(dòng)機(jī)調(diào)速系統(tǒng)的選擇 17
4.2.3 傳感器的選擇及布置 20
4.2.4 信號(hào)調(diào)理電路 21
4.2.5 數(shù)據(jù)采集卡 22
4.3 軟件設(shè)計(jì) 23
4.3.1 軟件介紹 23
4.3.2 軟件總體構(gòu)成 24
4.3.3 振動(dòng)信號(hào)處理程序 25
4.3.4 LabView程序設(shè)計(jì) 26
5 總結(jié) 28
參考文獻(xiàn) 29