摘 要
近年來(lái)，各種自然災(zāi)害與人為災(zāi)害頻繁發(fā)作，而復(fù)雜的災(zāi)害現(xiàn)場(chǎng)對(duì)救援提出了更高要求。建立消防現(xiàn)場(chǎng)監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)可為消防現(xiàn)場(chǎng)指揮調(diào)度和救援提供依據(jù),而對(duì)監(jiān)控節(jié)點(diǎn)和消防員的定位則是建立消防現(xiàn)場(chǎng)監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)的一個(gè)關(guān)鍵問(wèn)題。隨著無(wú)線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)（WSN）在眾多場(chǎng)合的成功應(yīng)用，將便攜式WSN節(jié)點(diǎn)快速部署在消防現(xiàn)場(chǎng)使現(xiàn)場(chǎng)情況的監(jiān)測(cè)和對(duì)消防員的定位成為可能。而在運(yùn)用WSN實(shí)現(xiàn)定位的過(guò)程中，必須結(jié)合具體應(yīng)用特點(diǎn)解決相關(guān)關(guān)鍵問(wèn)題。
從消防現(xiàn)場(chǎng)環(huán)境復(fù)雜的特點(diǎn)出發(fā)，結(jié)合無(wú)線通信的傳播特性，構(gòu)建基于超寬帶技術(shù)的消防現(xiàn)場(chǎng)WSN，改進(jìn)了基于接收信號(hào)強(qiáng)度（RSSI）的加權(quán)質(zhì)心定位算法，并對(duì)定位結(jié)果進(jìn)行優(yōu)化。主要研究?jī)?nèi)容如下：
（1）針對(duì)室內(nèi)和野外兩種應(yīng)用場(chǎng)合，分別建立兩種超寬帶信道衰減模型，分析測(cè)距誤差情況；并針對(duì)室內(nèi)測(cè)距誤差大的特點(diǎn)，提出采用信標(biāo)節(jié)點(diǎn)相互定位的方法校正測(cè)距誤差，研究結(jié)果表明，該方法可有效保證測(cè)距精度。
（2）針對(duì)加權(quán)質(zhì)心定位算法簡(jiǎn)單易行，但定位精度低的問(wèn)題，在有效提高測(cè)距精度的前提下，改進(jìn)了基于RSSI的加權(quán)質(zhì)心定位算法，并分別采用粒子群算法和量子粒子群算法對(duì)定位結(jié)果進(jìn)行優(yōu)化。研究結(jié)果表明，采用粒子群算法和量子粒子群算法優(yōu)化后的加權(quán)質(zhì)心定位算法定位精度較高，并且不易受環(huán)境因素的影響，可以有效提高定位精度和穩(wěn)定度。
（3）針對(duì)信標(biāo)節(jié)點(diǎn)需求過(guò)多造成的高成本問(wèn)題，采用遞增式定位過(guò)程，在信標(biāo)節(jié)點(diǎn)數(shù)量不足時(shí)，將已定位的未知節(jié)點(diǎn)轉(zhuǎn)化為次級(jí)信標(biāo)節(jié)點(diǎn)參與定位，有效地減少定位中信標(biāo)節(jié)點(diǎn)的數(shù)量，降低成本。仿真結(jié)果表明：在粒子群優(yōu)化或量子粒子群優(yōu)化的加權(quán)質(zhì)心定位算法的基礎(chǔ)上，在同等定位率的情況下，定位過(guò)程采用遞增式，可有效減少信標(biāo)節(jié)點(diǎn)數(shù)。


關(guān)鍵詞 消防現(xiàn)場(chǎng)；超寬帶；無(wú)線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)；定位；優(yōu)化算法


Abstract
In recent years, various natural and man-made disasters occurred frequently; complex disaster field put forward a higher requirement for rescue. Establish the fire monitoring system provides a basis for fire fighting field command scheduling and rescue, and localization for monitor node and fireman is the key issue to establish the fire monitoring system.
With the rapid development of wireless sensor network (WSN) successfully applied on numerous occasions, the fire monitoring and the localization have become possible because of the portable WSN node rapidly deploying in fire site. However, in the use of WSN to achieve the fireman positioning process must be combined with specific application characteristics to solve relate problems.
In the light of characteristics of the complex fire scene environment and wireless communication propagation characteristics, established the fire site WSN based on UWB technology, improved the weighted cancroids localization algorithm based on the received signal strength (RSSI), and optimized the positioning results. The main research contents are as follows:
(1)According to the different environment of fire happened, considering the fire scene include the indoor and outdoor environment, modeling the fire scene ultra-wideband communication channel model respectively, analyzed the ranging error of UWB channel loss model under various environments. In view of the problem of big ranging and localization error under industrial environment, beacon node mutual positioning and ranging error correction method was proposed, research results shows that this method effectively ensure the distance measurement accuracy.
(2)In view of the problem of weighted cancroids localization algorithm is simple and easy to realize, but have lower accuracy; in the premise of improving the ranging accuracy efficiently, improved the weighted cancroids localization algorithm based on RSSI ranging, the particle swarm algorithm and quantum-behaved particle swarm optimization positioning were applied to optimize the positioning results, research results shows that this method has higher accuracy, And are not easily affected by environmental factors, could improve the localization accuracy and stability.
(3)Incremental positioning process was proposed to overcome the problem of high cost caused by the demanding of more beacon nodes. When there was not enough beacon nodes to localization, the nodes of which were unknown nodes turned into secondary beacon node participated in localization, decreased the beacon nodes number efficiently, and reduced the cost. Simulation results shows that at the basis of the particle swarm and quantum-behaved particle swarm optimization weighted cancroids localization algorithm， at the condition of the same localization rate, incremental method was applied during the positioning could reduce the beacon nodes efficiently.


Key Words The fire scene; ultra-wideband; wireless sensor networks; positioning; optimization algorithm


目 錄
摘 要 I
ABSTRACT III
第1章 緒論 1
1.1背景及意義 1
1.2 國(guó)內(nèi)外定位技術(shù)研究現(xiàn)狀 2
1.3 論文研究思路及內(nèi)容安排 4
第2章 面向消防現(xiàn)場(chǎng)的WSN定位系統(tǒng)整體設(shè)計(jì) 6
2.1 引言 6
2.2 消防現(xiàn)場(chǎng)的特點(diǎn) 6
2.3 無(wú)線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)的結(jié)構(gòu)和特點(diǎn) 7
2.4 面向消防現(xiàn)場(chǎng)的WSN定位系統(tǒng)整體設(shè)計(jì) 8
2.5 面向消防現(xiàn)場(chǎng)定位系統(tǒng)關(guān)鍵技術(shù) 10
2.5.1 超寬帶技術(shù) 10
2.5.2 測(cè)距技術(shù) 13
2.5.3 定位技術(shù) 16
2.6 小結(jié) 20
第3章 基于RSSI的加權(quán)質(zhì)心定位算法及..